Captain Sensible

Who are the best captain options for FPL Gameweek 31+?

Fantasy Premier League managers are faced with a perplexing captaincy decision for Gameweek 31+.

With Manchester City playing Chelsea, and Liverpool preparing for the mean defence of Crystal Palace, there is no standout candidate.

But this is the sort of Gameweek that Fantasy Football Scout readers relish. The lack of a comfortably popular captain provides Fantasy managers with an excellent opportunity to capitalise on how widely spread the armbands will be in Gameweek 31+.

To identify the best options to do this, we have looked at every key option’s recent form as well as the weaknesses (or not) of their upcoming opponents.

As this article uses data from the Fantasy Football Scout Members Area, only those with a valid subscription can access it in full.

Captain Poll

The dilemma of the Gameweek 31+ captaincy is reflected perfectly in the results of our latest poll.

As you can see from the image above, no option has streaked ahead of the rest of the pack, indicating the massive opportunity Fantasy managers have to make real ground on their opponents.

Bruno Fernandes (£8.7m) is the man who tops the pile but not by much. 19.7% of the voters handed their support to the Manchester United midfielder, who continued his pre-lockdown form in the Gameweek 30+ draw with Spurs, scoring a second-half penalty.

Since joining the Red Devils, Fernandes has been involved in six of his team’s nine goals, averaging 7.8 points per game.

Throw penalties into the mix, plus a Sheffield United defence short of key personnel, and things look good for Fernandes. Dean Henderson (£5.3m) is ineligible to face his parent club, John Egan (£4.6m) is suspended following his Double Gameweek 30+ red card and Jack O’Connell (£4.6m) still a fitness doubt.

Despite the potential low-hanging fruit from this game, the interest in captaining Marcus Rashford (£8.9m) is comparatively low, just 4.9% backing the Manchester United forward for the armband in Gameweek 31+.

Despite missing out on Double Gameweek 30+ entirely, Mohamed Salah (£12.7m) sits second in the captain poll for the upcoming round of action.

15.3% have handed their backing to the Egyptian as Crystal Palace head to Anfield. His home form was certainly in fine fettle when lockdown struck the Premier League. Salah found the net in five of his last six Anfield outings, scoring six times, assisting once and averaging 8.7 points per game in that run.

However, Liverpool’s attacking assets will have to compete with a stubborn Crystal Palace defence midweek. The Eagles have now kept four clean sheets in a row. There may be some hope for Salah owners behind that statistic though. Those clean sheets kept by Roy Hodgson’s men between Gameweeks 27 and 30+ were recorded against Newcastle (home), Brighton (away), Watford (home) and Bournemouth (away) – hardly the same level of quality on offer at Liverpool. 

Raúl Jiménez (£8.2m) is fortunate enough to be the next forward to face Bournemouth, who looked exceptionally poor in their Double Gameweek 30+ defeat to Crystal Palace.

Their defence has been in poor shape both before and after lockdown, conceding at least twice in five of their last six and with just one clean sheet on the road since Gameweek 11.

By contrast, Jiménez has been the right kind of consistent. The Mexican’s goal at West Ham was his third in the last four Gameweeks, and sixth in the last eight.

Meanwhile, the Wolves forward has become increasingly reliable against the lesser sides in 2019/20. 12 of his 20 attacking returns this season have come against those outside the traditional ‘big six’.

Son Heung-min (£9.7m) heads up the differential options with 8.7% backing in the captaincy poll. 

The South Korean was in an excellent scoring groove before his Gameweek 26 injury, netting four times in the three matches before then.

Of course, he was occupying the centre-forward role vacated by the now-fit Harry Kane (£10.8m) at the time, but facing West Ham in Gameweek 31+ is certainly a favourable fixture. David Moyes men have kept just one clean sheet since Gameweek 21, conceding at least twice in six of their last eight. Furthermore, even though the Hammers are well-known for upping their game against their local rivals, they have conceded 1.8 goals per match against London opposition this season, more than their overall average for the entire season (1.7 goals conceded per game).

8.2% of our voters must have been pleased with what they saw of Jamie Vardy (£9.7m) against Watford, as they have picked him out as the best captain candidate for Gameweek 31+. The midweek round of action pits him against the Brighton defence, that has kept just one clean sheet on the road since Gameweek 7. But the question remains over whether Vardy can recapture his earlier season form. His two goals against Aston Villa in Gameweek 29, remain his only strikes since Gameweek 19.

Sadio Mané (£12.5m) remains a part of the discussion with his 6.2% backing and relatively decent form since return from injury pre-lockdown. While he could not carve out anything for his Double Gameweek 30+ owners, the Senegalese international still averages 6.2 points per game since returning to action in Gameweek 26. But, like Salah, he still has to contest with Hodgson’s well-organised Palace defence midweek.

Kevin De Bruyne‘s (£10.6m) Double Gameweek 30+ double-figure haul is enough to convince 6.1% of our voters to captain him despite a tricky (on paper anyway) meeting with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. But no FPL midfielder has more attacking returns against ‘big-six’ opposition than De Bruyne, his total of eight coming from four goals and four assists in seven matches.

Harvey Barnes (£6.2m), Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (£11.0m), Richarlison (£8.3m), Dominic Calvert-Lewin (£6.5m) and Sergio Aguero (£11.8m) are the only other options with more than 1% backing for Gameweek 31+.

Player statistics – Last four matches

2,965 Comments Post a Comment
  1. yer old da
    • 14 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Team A or Team B?

    'The Doherty':
    Pope
    TAA, Doherty, Lascelles
    Salah, KDB, Fernandes, Bergwijn
    Rashford, Jimenez, DCL
    Bench: Martin, Holgate, Guendouzi, Femenia

    'The Son':
    Pope
    TAA, Saiss, Lascelles
    Salah, KDB, Fernandes, Son
    Rashford, Jimenez, DCL
    Bench: Martin, Holgate, Guendouzi, Robinson

    Effectively Doherty, Femenia and Bergwijn v Saiss, Robinson and Son.

    1. Siggy in the Middle
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      A

    2. Ceebes
      • 9 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      the Son for me.

    3. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      A

    4. 007 [RoboKlopp]
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      You can have Doherty and Son by downgrade DCL

      1. yer old da
        • 14 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Yes but it means Nketiah on the bench alongside Guendouzi and I don't think that's sensible given extensive rotation

      2. Tempestic
        • 5 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Yeh but the u dont have enough players

    5. Botman and Robben
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      B

  2. How I met your Mata
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    By getting Doherty means I have to start one these every week,

    Greenwood
    Saka
    Holgate
    Lascelles

    Worth it?

    1. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Yeah!

    2. Siggy in the Middle
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Yeah, Everton and Newcastle have decent defences and Everton have great fixtures. Newcastle's are decent

    3. Bobby_Baggio
      • 12 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I'll be happy with that

  3. Catastrophe
    • 13 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    On FH:

    A) Rashford, DCL, Mane, Lascelles, Pope (Guendouzi)
    B) Rashford, Ings, Richarlison, VVD, Patricio (Aurier)
    C) Rashford, Vardy, Richarlison, Gomez, Pope (Guendouzi)

    (already have Salah, Fernandes & TAA)

    Cheers!

    1. How I met your Mata
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      C with Foster

      1. Catastrophe
        • 13 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Cheers.

  4. Siggy in the Middle
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    How's this Wildcard team?

    Pope

    Trent Gomez Doherty

    Martial Mane KDB Mahrez

    Jimenez Ings DCL

    Martin Lascelles Guendouzi Kilman

    1. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Good, unsure about Gomez but could be good

      1. Siggy in the Middle
        • 8 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Cheers. I think he's important enough to their defence that he'll start most games. Matip's carrying an injury too.

  5. Mortal.Swinbat
    • 13 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Bottomed

    Current team

    Nyland
    TAA, Saiss, Lascelles
    Salah, KDB, Bruno, Grealish
    Jiminez, Ayew, DCL

    Leno, Duda, Lundstrum, Egan

    5.9 in the bank!!

    A) Bring in Doherty -4
    B) Bring in Son -4
    C) Bring in Rashford -4
    D) 2 of the above -8
    E) Don’t take a hit

    1. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      C perhaps. 1 United attacker may be a bit skinny for this GW.

  6. TheTinman
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Kane hat trick tonight. I can feel it in my loins.

    Good luck everyone. Wildcarders and free hitters take it easy, go with your gut.

    😎

  7. james 101
    • 12 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    What (in FPL) are you hoping for this week?

    Eg specific player benched or starting.

    For me it’s salah starting and playing up to his potential.

    1. BNMC
      • 4 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I just want Vardy to start. Seems straightforward but for some reason I have my doubts.

      1. james 101
        • 12 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Should be ok mate

    2. Siggy in the Middle
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Martial going wild up front against a weakened SHU defence

  8. EmreCan Hustle
    • 11 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Is Vardy a poor captain choice over Fernandes, Rashford, Jimenez and Son?
    I am tempted, but the first game is what's worrying me.

    1. Mr. O'Connell
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      nah, I'm going Son and he's the 2nd game. Really don't think it matters.

      1. EmreCan Hustle
        • 11 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Cheers.

    2. Siggy in the Middle
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I don't think there's any standout choice this week. Bruno perhaps but that's it

      1. EmreCan Hustle
        • 11 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Yeah, Vardy is on pens too. So Bruno's pens theory doesn't hold. But United look like they'll score more.

  9. Babit1967
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Guys what looks more exciting, is the exact same money for both

    3-4-3
    Aurier Richarlison Guendozi (sub) Rashford

    3-5-2

    Kiko (Sub) Son Martial Greenwood ((sub)

    Lascelles comes in from the bench on the 3-5-2

    1. Fulchester's New Centr…
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      3-4-3

      1. Babit1967
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        On that at the moment, I’ll prob regret not having Son after tonight though

  10. Tonyawesome69
    • 5 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Captain - chasing ML so who has the higher ceiling and will have a low EO?
    1. Bruno
    2. Salah
    3. mane
    4. DCL
    5. Jimi

    1. Fulchester's New Centr…
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      DCL fits that bill, maybe

    2. The Bad Seed
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Mane. Least EO with a respectable ceiling.
      Not too sure he's got the form though.

  11. Ceebes
    • 9 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Current WC team:

    Martinez
    Doherty - TAA - Lascelles
    Salah - KdB - Bruno - Barnes - Son
    DCL - Jiminez

    Bench: Button, Nketiah, Holgate, Taylor

    Do I:

    A) Stick with above.
    B) Change Salah, Martinez and Barnes (who would become Mount next week) to Mane, Pope and Traore.

    1. Fulchester's New Centr…
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      B, but not 100% on Traore - so hit and miss

    2. Darragh82
      • 4 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Stay well clear of arsenal defence, they are awful. Just my opinion but they look like conceding all the time and it’s just a waste of a spot

  12. Silecro
    • 6 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Is Matt Ritchie nailed now after his injury? 15 and 19mins couple of weeks ago scare me. He can be utilised either as mid or back, right?

    1. goriuanx
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      He's not nailed according to Newc fans on here but still very likely to play - I don't know whether that's enough for a 5.3m defender.

      1. Silecro
        • 6 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Im torn basically between him and Martial versus Lascelles and Rashford...that 18 pointer is killin me haha

        1. goriuanx
          • 13 Years
          3 years, 10 months ago

          Haha I'd go with the latter my friend 🙂

          1. Silecro
            • 6 Years
            3 years, 10 months ago

            I'll probably go too. Standing solid in my ML just 14 points behind leader so maybe safer option is the latter one, without any maverick moves

  13. Tmel
    • 13 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    On a WC torn between picking Sarr and bolstering my 3rd striker + 5th mid or going Son...

    1) Sarr + Saka & DCL*
    2) Son + Davis & Greenwood

    *could afford to upgrade Saka > Foden in a couple of weeks
    **would mean starting one of Lasc/Holgate/Greenwood each week

    1. goriuanx
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      2

      Lasc and Holg rotate very nicely.

  14. wheato
    • 11 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    I’m considering going without Mane OR Salah.

    Complete madness?

    1. james 101
      • 12 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Not madness. A risk though

  15. james 101
    • 12 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    RMMFWCT?

    Pope
    TAA Doherty Fernandez
    KDB Son Fernandes(vc) Salah(c) Martial
    Rashford Jimmi

    Button Taylor Nk Robertson

    1. goriuanx
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      As good as it gets!

      Maybe Pope to someone else though.

      1. james 101
        • 12 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Ha. Considering that.

        Possibly so far!

        Who though...

        1. goriuanx
          • 13 Years
          3 years, 10 months ago

          Foster? Or Martinez, and upgrade somewhere or bank the cash.

          1. james 101
            • 12 Years
            3 years, 10 months ago

            Foster is a stretch. Would require a cut somewhere.

            Marty is possible.

            But are arsenal defence worth betting onB

    2. Ceebes
      • 9 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Not sold on Martial but nice team.

      1. james 101
        • 12 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Cheers

  16. Markus
    • 14 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    A few questions:
    - Don't see much love for Alli on here? Has he not been the least rotated midfield option for Mourinho? Is it just clouded by the fact he didn't play the last game from suspension?

    - Is Saiss over Boly just a case of saving 0.2 - Boly always seemed like having decent attacking threat...

    - Is Martinez nailed til the end of the season or any indication Leno / other might take his place?

    1. Sgt Frank Drebin
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I would like to have Alli in my team but just can't squeze him in with Salah, KDB, Son and Man United midfielder. If I was short on money to get Son, I would consider Alli. It's interesting though, that Son is only 0.4 higher in terms of points per match... Makes me wonder if Son is really worth the 1.4m over Alli

    2. Eastman
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I’ve gone Alli but would love to find Son if I could.

      Boly for me.

      I’ve gone De Gea, not sure in Martinez.

    3. Fulchester's New Centr…
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Probably, but definitely poor man's Son factor too

      No, Saiss doing the business, better than Boly (in FPL) as well as cheaper

      Think so, Leno looked in a bad way and 3rd choice at Ars is not somebody I've heard of

  17. goriuanx
    • 13 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Try replying to at least 3 people before posting your question - it helps everyone else and it will help you get replies too! 🙂

    1. Darragh82
      • 4 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Ok

    2. james 101
      • 12 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Yep.

      I try to reply at least 10 times for each question I post.

      Prob works out a lot more

    3. Karan14
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      +1

  18. Darragh82
    • 4 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Hi folks, on a wildcard and looking for advice. Is this good to go??
    Patrício
    VVD, Doherty, Aurier
    KDB, Mané, Fernandes, Son
    Rash (c), Jiménez, Calvert-Lewin

    3.9, Lascelles, Hayden, 3.9
    Stay with this defence or swap VVD & Doherty for TAA & cheap wolves def??

    1. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Looks good.

    2. james 101
      • 12 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Nice

    3. goriuanx
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      If you do Patricio to Martinez, can you do VVD to TAA?

      1. Darragh82
        • 4 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Thanks, that’s me maxed out. I would love Trent but VVD is a nailed on starter for pool defence so I suppose that’s okay. That’s as strong as I’ll get it if I want to fit son in

    4. Babit1967
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Looks great, like mine so far except vvd for Taa , Salah for mane and Richarlison for Son

      Hopefully you score big

      1. Darragh82
        • 4 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Thanks

  19. Kvnforthewin
    • 3 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Alli or mahrez
    Considering I could keep Alli for the next two game weeks and use a FT to get mahrez back.
    And I have KDB and son

    1. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Mahrez

    2. RamaJama
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Alli

    3. UnitedFan
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Mahrez

    4. Markus
      • 14 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I think with Mahrez run outs last 2 - can't see him keeping going given the hyper-rotation, so Alli better for next 2 then an obvious switch.

  20. Teomi
    • 5 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    23000 in overall rank...
    50 points behind in my Money Leauge.

    Looking at some differentials.
    I know Kane was poor last week but planning this wc team.

    Go or no go?

    DDG
    Taa saiss lascelles
    Mane kdb Fernandes Richarlison
    Kane (c) jimi dcl

    Martin kiko guendozi ngakia

    1. Collie01
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I just think Kane is a big risk at his price esp as captain, he looked so rusty vs United and is generally a slow starter who hasn't been at his best for a while. He is a differential of course and proven FPL performer.

    2. wheato
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Need differentials myself and Kane is in

  21. thomashl
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Latest WC draft. What do you think?

    Patricio
    Maguire TAA Doherty
    Son Salah KdB Fernandes Saint-Maximin
    DCL Jimenez
    (Button - Lascelles Kiko Nketiah) 0.8itb

  22. EMERGING STAR
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Except ManU attackers i find my preferred squad.

    Pope
    AWB Doherty TAA
    Son Richarlison Pogba Bruno KDB
    DCL Jimenez
    Button Aurier Holgate Martinelli 0.2itb

    Which 2 Manu attackers are the best going forward?

    1. goriuanx
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Bruno 100%, you can debate the other.

      I'd have Rashford 2nd.

  23. RamaJama
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 11 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    How many more CS do you think Pope/Burnley will have the last 8 matches, compared to Martinez/Arsenal?

    1. goriuanx
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Similar, i.e about 2 or 3.

      1. RamaJama
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
        • 11 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        So probably not much in it choosing Pope if funds can be spent better

      2. Deulofail
        • 8 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        Agree with this. Maybe Pope has a slight edge. But Martinez is the superior value imo, and should get enough save points to justify his price.

    2. Deeney-is-a-god
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      I think Im going martinez just to save money. Starting goalkeeper at 4.2 so cant really go wrong

  24. Park the bus
    • 12 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    On WC, for 5th defender and 5th mid should I have:

    A) Femenia & Douglas Luiz
    or
    B) Jack Robinson & Saka

    Other suggestions for defenders for 4.2 or less would be welcomed!

    1. jason_ni
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      tough one, you maybearen't ever going to need the 2 from the bench, in which case Saka is the best option.

      But then A is more balanced, and both should play every game.

  25. ABCDEFC
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Which duo?

    A) Saiss and KDB
    B) Doherty and Richarlison

    1. jason_ni
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Biased, as B is what I currently have (as well as Saiss)

    2. Catastrophe
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      B for this week, A longer term (try to get Doherty and KDB in...)

      1. RamaJama
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
        • 11 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        This

  26. jason_ni
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Keep Ngakia as 5th bench fodder on WC, on off chance he sorts his contract?

    Or just bring in a 3.9, and save 0.1?

  27. Lev Yashin
    • 11 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Start one of these defensive dynamos:

    Saïss
    Fernandez
    Holgate

    1. Park the bus
      • 12 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Saiss

      1. Lev Yashin
        • 11 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        The Bus has spoken.

    2. Begbie.
      • 10 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Saiss

      1. Lev Yashin
        • 11 Years
        3 years, 10 months ago

        If Leo says it, it must be so.

  28. Deulofail
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    A police officer sees a man driving around with a pickup truck full of platypuses. He pulls the guy over and says... "You can't drive around with platypuses in this town. Take them to the zoo immediately." The guy says "OK"... and drives away.

    The next day, the officer sees the guy still driving around with the truck full of platypuses, but now they're all wearing sun glasses! He pulls the guy over and demands... "I thought I told you to take these platypuses to the zoo yesterday?"

    The guy replies... "I did . . . today I'm taking them to the beach!"

  29. n-doggg
    • 11 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Richarlison or alli

    I have dcl

  30. Sam1878
    • 13 Years
    3 years, 10 months ago

    Who is the best rotating pair of < 4.4m defenders?

    Lascelles seems to be worth including in any pair, mainly due to Newcastle’s form and next 3 fixtures. Taylor could be considered as well based on fixtures, however Burnley didn’t look good last night (albeit against city), assume the contract extension issues is having a negative impacting on their squad.

    It’s not a comprehensive list so please share your thoughts. I’m going for the rotating cheap defenders on a wildcard to enable Martial in a 3-5-2.

    *** = fixture for the second player in the pair:

    A) Lascelles & Kiko/Masina gives you:

    AVL (H)
    BOU (A)
    WHU (H)
    *** NOR (H)
    WAT (A) / NEW (H)
    *** WHU (A)
    BHA (A)
    ARS (A)

    B) Lascelles & Holgate gives you:

    AVL (H) / NOR (A)
    BOU (A)
    WHU (H)
    *** SOU (H)
    WAT (A)
    *** AVL (H)
    BHA (A) / SHU (A)
    *** BOU (H)

    C) Taylor & Kiko/Masina gives you:

    WAT (H) / BUR (A)
    *** SOU (H)
    SHU (H)
    *** NOR (H)
    *** NEW (H)
    *** WHU (A)
    NOR (A)
    BHA (H)

    1. Lev Yashin
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 10 months ago

      Bottomed.