Pro Pundits - Simon

The House’s Money: Why maintaining a good start to the FPL season is so difficult

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times …it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.”

  • Charles Dickens, ‘A Tale of Two Cities’.

Dickens may not have been speaking specifically about the opening Gameweeks of an FPL season (we’ll never know for sure) but his words are, nonetheless, fairly appropriate. While it has, indeed, been a tale of two Gameweeks thus far, there will be some who have done far, far better than others.

I love the start of a new FPL campaign as much as the next Fantasy manager but, I have to admit, it’s also among the most challenging parts to navigate successfully. Not only are we operating with very little information, but many of us also have to deal with the fact that some mini-league rivals have, somehow, already opened up what might appear to be unassailable leads.

Of course, this is the part of the season where we regularly preach patience and encourage people to avoid panic-driven decisions that they might later regret. Phrases like ‘it’s a marathon, not a sprint’ are commonplace on FPL forums and we might also comfort ourselves with our vague childhood memories of a story about a race between a tortoise and a hare.

This article, however, will focus on why those people who have shot to the front probably won’t stay there, and why those chasing shouldn’t panic, yet.

The House Money Effect

Gamblers and investors, in particular, may be familiar with the ‘House Money Effect’, a cognitive bias first popularised by Nobel Prize-winning economist Richard Thaler. 

Essentially, the House Money Effect draws off the principles of ‘mental accounting’; the idea that we categorise money and expenditures into different accounts in our mind, and we evaluate outcomes in relation to these. 

So, for example, we might have mental accounts such as ‘beer money’, ‘college funds’ or ‘holiday money.’

The House Money Effect often occurs when we receive money in an atypical manner. For example; winning a bet, receiving a bonus or profiting from an investment. 

Behavioural psychologists have observed that people take far greater risks with such sums than they would with their savings or regular earnings. They also find that people also tend to be more generous with such windfalls than they might otherwise be.

The proposed reason for this phenomenon is that, psychologically, people don’t perceive these sums to really be their money, it goes into a completely different mental account to money earned in the normal way. It’s the casinos or ‘the house’s money’ and, thus, we tend to treat it that way. At best, we make more money from the risks we take with it. And at worst, we end up with our original stake, no better or worse off than we were before and, because we think we’ll be okay with either outcome, we’re inclined to treat it as fun money.

I would argue that, due to their windfall of FPL points, Fantasy managers who do very well in the opening few Gameweeks are substantially more at risk of succumbing to the House Money Effect than normal. 

This might translate into them spending some of those points via hits, making riskier transfers, making transfers when it might have been objectively more sensible to save them or simply being less rigorous in their selections, captaincy or transfer decisions. 

Now, this isn’t to say that high-flying managers simply got there by luck, much in same as an investor doesn’t profit entirely by luck, it’s simply stating that, due to this cognitive bias, the extra points they have scored may seem like ‘house money’ to them, and they’re likely to be more inclined to risk them as a result. 

Essentially; if they blow their lead, they’re no worse off than their competitors and this, mentally, becomes their baseline.

How Spurs and Everton's new signings fared in their FPL Gameweek 1 debuts 1

There is some evidence that may support this having already occurred too. Between Gameweeks 1 and 2, the average number of points spent on transfers via hits by FPL managers was 2.28 points overall but, among the Top 10k, this rose almost 20% to 2.72. 

Rationally-speaking, the Top 10k should have had less cause to make any transfers, let alone take hits, based on Gameweek 1 but, instead, they made more transfers and spent more points on them. 

The Top 10k also scored fewer gross points on average than the overall (53.27 vs 59.55). Naturally, in a single gameweek, this could simply be luck, but it could also be a result of less rigorous decision-making caused by the House Money Effect.

So, for those chasing, the key lessons from this are to not panic, to not make the same mistakes that the people above you probably will, and to take advantage of these mistakes to close the gap. That means avoiding hits, risky captaincies and panic moves like Wildcarding unnecessarily. 

It is worth bearing in mind that many of those who held firm with their Gameweek 1 squad profited as a result in Gameweek 2. As Guns ‘n’ Roses singer Axl Rose once said, “All we need is a little patience” though, again, it’s unclear whether he was talking about FPL specifically.

Naturally, there is also a fairly obvious lesson in all of this for those FPL managers who are doing really well after two Gameweeks, which I suppose I could spell out, but, honestly, who really wants to help those people anyway?

My Gameweek 3 Team


Former Fantasy Premier League world champion and four-time finisher in the top 7k Simon March gives us the lowdown on his thinking for the new campaign.

2,796 Comments Post a Comment
  1. El Lobito 10
    • 6 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    What ye think then? WC team

    Guiata (4m)
    Trent Saiss Justin (Lamp, 4m)
    Salah KdB Foden Son JRodriguez
    Mitro Jimo (4.5m)

    1. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      I’d prefer Martínez and Wood to Guaita and Mitro but I like the cut of your jib

      1. El Lobito 10
        • 6 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Thanks. IMO Mitro is a 7m striker and Villa defence is awful

  2. Ask Yourself
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    I posted this on the last page but not many people told me how amazing it was. I think you must have missed it. I can do this if Stephens falls FFS !!!

    Martínez Steer
    Robbo James Saiss Lamptey Mitchell
    KDB Son Havertz Foden Stephens
    Jesus Jimmy Ings

    1. Scots Gooner
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Looks good. Good options all over and still gives flexibility for changes later.

      Hopefully you get that drop before deadline.

      1. Ask Yourself
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Respect x

    2. Totti
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      havertz can't cover werner
      you've to get werner infront of WBA and then shift to jesus may be infront of leeds

      1. Ask Yourself
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Havertz is 4th for goals and assists in the last year, only behind Messi, Ronaldo and Lewandowski

        1. Klaren
          • 6 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          Do you mean 2019 by last year? He certainly wasn't in 19/20 season (behind many in PL), but I haven't checked the 2019 year stats.

          1. Long ago I drew a walrus
            • 13 Years
            3 years, 6 months ago

            I think that stat is for 2020, i.e. the weird year

            1. Ask Yourself
              • 7 Years
              3 years, 6 months ago

              This is what I meant

          2. Ask Yourself
            • 7 Years
            3 years, 6 months ago

            It’s from this point this year to this point last year

            1. Klaren
              • 6 Years
              3 years, 6 months ago

              Between 25/09/19 to 25/09/20:
              Havertz has 19 goals 9 assists - 28 returns
              KDB has 15 goals 16 assists - 31 returns
              Salah has 23 goals 12 assists - 35 returns
              Werner has 27 goals 13 assists - 40 returns

              Source: Transfermarkt

              Sorry was too tempting to check 🙂

    3. Long ago I drew a walrus
      • 13 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      I'm 0.3 off. That's like, maximum team value

      1. Ask Yourself
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Sure would be, just hope I can pull it off

        1. Long ago I drew a walrus
          • 13 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          GL man. I've noticed that a lot of my drafts rely heavily on the 0.2 swing from Werner dropping to 9.4 and Son rising to 9.1. Going to struggle without that 0.2

          1. Ask Yourself
            • 7 Years
            3 years, 6 months ago

            Yes I think we can both do it. Solidarity x

  3. Centurion7
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Currently on wildcard. Pretty nailed on 12 out of 15 players. For the 3 spots still up in the air, i could use some opinions.
    Which combo looks the best to you?

    a) Son/Wood/4,5 mid - 343 base formation
    b) Son/Foden/4,5 striker - 352 base formation
    c) Barnes/Werner/4,5 mid - 343 base formation
    d) Foden/Werner/4,5 mid - 343 base formation

    1. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B

    2. Scots Gooner
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B for me

    3. Totti
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      A

  4. Letsgo!
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Captain son or werner?

    1. Scots Gooner
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Werner

    2. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Not wild about either this week to be honest

      1. Letsgo!
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        So going kdb?

        1. Ask Yourself
          • 7 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          Without a shadow of a doubt

    3. Klaren
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Between the two, Son

  5. Scots Gooner
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Fairly happy and settled on this now, unless someone wants to drop some doubts in my mind.

    Martinez | Steer
    TAA | Digne | Saiss | Lamptey | Mitchell KDB | Salah | Hames | Foden | Zaha Jiminez | DCL | Brewster

    1. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Real nice and comfy yeah

    2. COLLIN QUANER
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Strange layout but gtg

    3. Scots Gooner
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Thanks guys. Dunno what happened to the layout

  6. Chuism
    • 3 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Which combo is better?

    A) Son + DCL
    B) J.Rodriguez + Jiminez

    Already have Podence and Saiss in my team

    1. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Son and Jimmy were the first names on my WC. I’d really recommend you have both

      1. Chuism
        • 3 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Thanks for the reply. If you had to pick one which would it be? :/

    2. Salah’s Sonnet
      • 12 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      wow just realised i have all of them on my wc

      1. Chuism
        • 3 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Wow, you must have caught them before the price rise. If you had to pick one combo, which one?

  7. adstomko
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Like this WC draft? Worried about defence, but rest seems fine.

    Martinez
    Semedo, Coady, Coleman, Justin
    Salah, KDB, Son, Rodríguez
    Werner, Jimenez
    (Steer, Mitchell, Anguissa, Davis)

    1. Weasel Boy
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Like it.
      Doesn't need Pool defence to make it solid.

  8. El Lobito 10
    • 6 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Anyone else captaining Salah over kdB? Salah loves a goal v Arse and KdB rarely hauls two games in a row

    1. COLLIN QUANER
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Yeah

      1. El Lobito 10
        • 6 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Noice

    2. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Arsenal defence much more solid than Leicester’s patchwork effort

    3. Klaren
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Arsenal became a very defensive minded team since Arteta took over and I trust their defence so much more than I trust their attack. Of course Salah can still score but I think Man City have the easier opponents so I prefer KDB.

      1. El Lobito 10
        • 6 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Arse still conceding a lot

        1. Dr. Rog
          • 14 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          really?

        2. The Train Driver
          • 8 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          You can say no you know?

  9. Agger
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    I don’t really like this article. I mean how can you say those of us who’ve had good starts are more than likely going to fade away?

    We’ve been rewarded for making good decisions - Captain Salah at home to a newly promoted team for example. Not getting sucked into Chelsea who’ve practically got a new team. They need time.

    Yeah we’ve had fortune with Son or Kane but we picked them because they were near the top of the season ticker for attacking returns.. Jiménez was ranked 1st of all attackers to deliver the most points for the first 5 GW’s according to the members area. Not our problem you ignored it.

    We’ll keep doing well if we keep making logical decisions and staying calm.

    1. El Lobito 10
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      The article doesn’t say that

    2. Scots Gooner
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      You don't sound very calm.

    3. Garlana
      • 9 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Subtle brag? 😉

  10. Klaren
    • 6 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Martinez
    TAA Saiss James
    KDB Sterling Son Zaha Podence
    DCL Werner
    (Steer, Mitchell, Lamptey, Brewster)

    Need 0.5 in the above WC team to upgrade Martinez to Mendy or Guaita. Any suggestions where to get it from?

    1. Kuzser
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Taa->robbo
      James->Taylor
      Zaha-> Foden

  11. mr messi
    • 13 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    What’s happened to the captain’s poll? How do I view it?

  12. Cynical
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Martinez the best 4.5 GK?

    I want Guaita but 0.3 off.

    1. Ask Yourself
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Absolutely. Especially given you can get his back up for 4m

      1. Jarnathan
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        His backup isn't 4m, he's injured

  13. Threat Level Midnight
    • 5 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    There’s only one captain option this weekend for me....

    Raheem. Wasn’t super involved the first match, although looked VERY lively. Full rest today.

    Be ready

    1. COLLIN QUANER
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      I like it, good luck mate

      1. Threat Level Midnight
        • 5 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Cheers you as well

    2. CheesyZoot
      • 4 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      He played over half an hour tonight but yeh good option

      1. Threat Level Midnight
        • 5 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Yup I just saw that. I’m an idiot.

  14. Pep's Money Laundry
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    I'd really like Richarlison in my team but not sure if the sacrifices are worth it

    A. Richarlison, TAA, Zaha(or Barnes)
    B. DCL, Robbo, Wood

  15. LloristheHounds
    • 6 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    A) DCL in and - 4
    Or
    B) richarlison in and - 8

    ?

    1. Toothpick Bandit
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 10 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      A, easily

  16. dunas_dog
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Best 4 m defender between

    A Dunne
    B Mitchell

    1. COLLIN QUANER
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B

  17. Jomau
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 3 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Jesus or Jimenez (until Aguero returns)

    1. Threat Level Midnight
      • 5 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      I like Jesus just because he can explode anytime. Jimmy doesn’t have 2+ goals in him.

  18. Chuism
    • 3 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Evening Lads!

    Which WC draft looks better?

    (A)
    Martinez (Steer)
    TAA - Saiss - James (Mitchell, Lamptey)
    Salah - KDB - J.Rod - Prodence (Burke)
    Werner - Mitro - Jimmy

    (B)
    Martinez (Steer)
    TAA - Samedo - James (Mitchell, Dune)
    Salah - KDB - Prodence - Son (Burke)
    Werner - Mitro - DCL

    1. osceola31909
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B

    2. Toothpick Bandit
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 10 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B - Maybe Saiss instead of Semedo for some ITB and to see how he plays first?

  19. Wrong Captain Choice - Ag i…
    • 14 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Interesting article by Mr March
    But could 'The house money effect' not just be speculating to accumulate in some cases. Like a large property tycoon working from a position of strength?
    I noticed Simon quoted the GnR song 'Patience'
    But I wildcarded gw2 and gained 40 points.
    For those who did not do well.
    'Right Next Door To Hell' and/or 'Don't Cry' might be appropriate?

  20. Bennyboy1907
    • 3 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    RMT WC:
    Martinez (steer)

    VVD Justin Saiss Lamptey (mitchel)
    Salah KDB Son Zaha (Anguisa)
    Werner Jiminez (Davies)
    PLEASE CRITICSE IF NECCESSARY

    1. Toothpick Bandit
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 10 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Bit worried about your bench and lack of everton players. Also Justin not long term, likely replaced by Pereira when he returns, consider Taylor instead.

      1. Bennyboy1907
        • 3 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        Switched taylor for Justin. Is everything else gtg

        1. Toothpick Bandit
          • Fantasy Football Scout Member
          • 10 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          If you've had Justin since the start, he may rise again before Sat, so may be able to pocket an extra 0.1 if you hold off switching.

    2. Shake n Bake
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Agree that Justin isn't long term. Taylor at 4.5 instead? Vinagre if Marcal is injured for awhile?

  21. Toothpick Bandit
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 10 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    A. Zaha + Castagne
    B. Hamez + James

    Feel like consensus is B but Palace has amazing fixtures for next bit and I worry about James rotation. Also already have DCL.

    1. AdamJ91
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B.

    2. Shake n Bake
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      B

    3. Iceball
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 9 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      I went James with enough cash to get Castagne for James or Saiss if either loses their place. Castagne has ManCity so can wait. James for at lest next 2

  22. JURGENAUT
    • 3 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Would you rather play Justin or Soucek this GW? Justin won’t keep a CS but he has attacking returns in both games so far whereas soucek has blanked. What to do?

    1. Shake n Bake
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      I'd got Soucek. Based off how Man City played against Wolves and with Ndidi out Justin could get a 0 or minus

  23. Shake n Bake
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 7 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Would appreciate some thoughts on my current WC draft,

    Martinez (Steer)
    TAA, James, Saiss (Lamptey, Mitchell)
    KDB, Salah, Podence, Foden (Burke)
    Werner, DCL, Jimenez

    0.5 ITB

    1. AdamJ91
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Exact same as mine ATM so looks solid 😉

    2. dunas_dog
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      My WC team except I went Forster over Steer in case McCarthy loses place. So very good team!

      1. Shake n Bake
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
        • 7 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        yeah I was thinking of that as I've been seeing some articles about Gunn being shipped out too

      2. dunas_dog
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
        • 8 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        * although envious you have made -5K increase in team value already

        1. dunas_dog
          • Fantasy Football Scout Member
          • 8 Years
          3 years, 6 months ago

          * 0.5 m increase

    3. Garlana
      • 9 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Probably the best you can do without taking Son or Rodriguez

    4. Twisted Saltergater
      • 14 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Very nice team! I'm playing it a bit risky by going JRod + Samedo over Podence + TAA.

  24. AdamJ91
    • 8 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    R.James or Coleman?

    1. Shake n Bake
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 7 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      James

    2. Threat Level Midnight
      • 5 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      James

    3. dunas_dog
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 8 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      James

    4. The Mandalorian
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      RJ

  25. Dr. Rog
    • 14 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Locks:
    Martinez/Steer
    ____ James Saiss Lampy Mitchell
    Salah KdB Son Foden _____
    Jimmy DCL _____

    WC Team1 - aggressively focused on fixtures for Wolves, has a chelski attacker. Rest is template
    Semedo, Havertz/Pulisic, (Brewster)

    WC Team2 - the boring and safe option. get a liverpool defender and a 6.5 striker juggling form and fixtures, better bench
    Robbo, (Soucek), Wood/Antonio

    fwiw, RMT says team1 is better for the next 5 or so (until WHU fixtures turn) and then team2 is better thereafter.
    so im leaning towards a team1 --> Team2 switch around then, although wolves fixtures persist up until wk9, and chelsea wk12 so its good long term either way.

    1. Hospital Pass
      • 6 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Terrifically useful post. Thanks.

    2. Twisted Saltergater
      • 14 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      You can do quite a lot if you drop Son. Depends how locked "locked" is 🙂

      1. Dr. Rog
        • 14 Years
        3 years, 6 months ago

        dropping Son is worse structure wise.

  26. That Was Easy!
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 9 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    I want to cover the following bases:
    1) Double Pool defense
    2) Son
    3) Werner
    4) KDB + Salah

    It actually looks doable...I’m pretty surprised.

    Martinez
    Robertson VVD James Saiss
    Salah KDB Son Podence
    DCL Werner

    Forster, Davis, Anguissa, Mitchell

    1. That Was Easy!
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 9 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      The team I really want to go with is...

      Martinez
      TAA Robbo Saiss
      Salah KDB Barnes Podence
      DCL Wood Jiminez

      Forster, Anguissa, Lamptey, Mitchell with some money to spare, but I feel like I will give into the template.

    2. The Mandalorian
      • 11 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Looks good for now

  27. King Henrik
    • 12 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    Hey guys, A quick RMT and any advice on this team would be awesome pls.

    McCarthy
    Trent Justin Davies
    Salah Kdb Fernandes Podence Burke
    Werner Ings

    Nyland Mitchell Davis Burr

    Thanks so much,

  28. Wrong Captain Choice - Ag i…
    • 14 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    I am watching Martial's price like a hawk could survive a price drop next gameweek. Looks close.
    Currently 6.1m itb
    Plan a 3-5-2
    gw4 Salah in for Bissouma
    gw4 Brewster in for Martial -4
    gw5 Robertson in for Ferguson bang on the money

    If Martial does drop could change my idea completely - Mane or even get Werner for Martial or maybe get Adams VVD or Fernandes
    Amazing how one .1 could change a course of a season potentially.

  29. estheblessed
    • 9 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    WC team here. How's it looking;

    WC played. How's it looking...

    McCarthey / Nyland
    TAA, Lamptey, Mitchell / Justin, Dunne
    KDB, Salah, Son, Podence / Anguissa
    DCL, Ings, Jiminez

  30. Mukarram
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 5 Years
    3 years, 6 months ago

    My first draft after wc activated
    Please RMT
    Guitar steer
    James Taylor saiss Justin dunne
    Son KDB podency Hames 4.5
    Verner kane Jimenez
    1.4 m atb

    1. Mukarram
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 5 Years
      3 years, 6 months ago

      Guaita