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What to expect from the best teams

Trying to predict team and player performance is part of the fun in FPL.

In this article I take a look at expected goals from recent seasons to see what it reveals about team and player performance.

Expected Goals – Yikes!

Oft-quoted and sometimes divisive, expected goals lacks the “Ronseal” transparency of other statistics: “Shots on target” and “Touches in the penalty area” do exactly what they say on the tin. 

Expected goals is a little more abstract, it’s defined as a measure of chance quality. It aims to quantify the likelihood of a goal being scored from a particular shot, where 1 = a certain goal and 0 = a certain miss.

For instance, if Kane had eight shots in a match xG tells us how good those shots were. In this sense expected goals is descriptive. It helps paint a picture of a football match. 

However expected goals can cause confusion and derision, especially when it is completely at odds with the scoreline:

Part of the problem is the name. Perhaps if “expected goals” was called “chance quality” then it would be easier to grasp what the metric is telling us. 

The reasons why a team overperforms or underperforms their expected goals is open to interpretation. As Bobby Gardiner observed:

The beauty of football is often in its randomness — the team who has the better chances will in theory win the match more often, but not always.

Expected goals is also predictive. Or rather, expected goals has been proven more predictive on future team performance than any other metric. Not by much – total shot ratio is pretty good too – but consistently and by enough to be significant. Mike Goodman explains:

[xG] was designed to take lots of information, thousands and thousands of shots, synthesize it, and use that information to represent how many goals a team might reasonably be expected to score or concede given the types of shots they’ve taken and given up.

So while a single match can be fairly random, over the long term teams end up roughly where you’d expect them to be.

TopMarx Fan of Fantasy Football and Monty Python. "Archimedes out to Socrates, Socrates back to Archimedes, Archimedes out to Heraclitus, he beats Hegel. Heraclitus a little flick, here he comes on the far post, Socrates is there, Socrates heads it in! Socrates has scored! The Greeks are going mad, the Greeks are going mad! Socrates scores, got a beautiful cross from Archimedes. The Germans are disputing it. Hegel is arguing that the reality is merely an a priori adjunct of non-naturalistic ethics, Kant via the categorical imperative is holding that ontologically it exists only in the imagination, and Marx is claiming it was offside. Follow them on Twitter

44 Comments Post a Comment
  1. Rotation's Alter Ego
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • Has Moderation Rights
    • 12 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Superb, superb article Top Marx. Brings together a lot of key issues from this IB and sets some of those common xG misconceptions to bed!

    If anyone wants to post xG data in reply to this article, post it and then flag it to the team as members only via the report function.

    1. james 101
      • 12 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Agreed

    2. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Thanks both 🙂

  2. Don Van Vliet
    • 10 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Great article.

    Had forgotten all about that Monty Python sketch.

    'Nietzsche receives a yellow card after claiming that Confucius has no free will. Confucius replies, "Name go in book"'.

    1. Olivier Bernards watch
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 10 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      ''kant, via the catgorical imperative, is claiming that ontology is only in the imagination, and Marx is appealing offside''

      1. TopMarx
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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        • 11 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        Immanuel Kant was a real pissant who was very rarely stable, I wouldn't pay any attention to what he says.

    2. TopMarx
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      What confuses me is that it was an own goal.

  3. Lateriser 12
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 12 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Lovely write up

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Thanks LR, enjoying your Pro Pundits articles, keep up the good work!

  4. IN SANE IN DE BRUYNE
    • 7 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Very nice reading! Thank you

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      You're welcome, thank you for taking the time to read.

  5. jtreble
    • 7 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Very nice article. The title is perhaps a bit misleading though. Perhaps, “Expected statistical measures (e.g., xG) explained” or similar.

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Yes I changed the title about six times! I couldn't find one I was completely happy with. Much like expected goals itself, it could have been named better.

  6. Greyhead
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 5 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    A tip of the cap TM.... great work!

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      ta very much

  7. The Polymath
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 8 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Best teams? What about the team that finished 7th last season and currently in 8th position?

    1. Poseidon.
      • 5 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      I think it’s best they just stick to the best teams

    2. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Yes, I'm sorry. I was going to leave it as the "top six" only, but Leicester's form demanded inclusion.

      1. jtreble
        • 7 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        :). Good piece on the xG family though. The Opta on here makes FFS a steal.

        1. TopMarx
          • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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          • 11 Years
          4 years, 4 months ago

          Agreed!

      2. The Polymath
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
        • 8 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        No problem, but still a great article.

  8. FPL Virgin
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 7 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    High quality stuff and an excellent polemic on xG.

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Thank you Virgin.

  9. Gloria Kanchelskis
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 10 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    A fine write up. I wish I’d read it 5 mins before bringing Maddison in rather than fives minutes after. Ho hum

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Thanks GK, for your sake I hope Leicester carry on running hot for a while yet.

  10. RedLightning
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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    • 13 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Very interesting article, well explained, but I think the last table should be headed "2019/20 season so far".

    Is it possible to combine the last two tables - giving, for each player that has played for the same team in all three seasons, his goals, xG and xG delta for 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019/20 so far? That might show more clearly which players are improving, which are regressing and which are consistent over these two and a bit seasons, and whether they tend to follow similar patterns or are all different.

    I still find it difficult though to know how best to use these stats to predict future goals. In Vardy's case, I think Brendan Rodgers should take a lot of the credit for his increased number of goals, while his high goal conversion rate is because he is an exceptional finisher and Brendan has set up the team in a way that brings the best out of him. For other players such as Pukki, a high xG delta might just indicate a purple patch until opposing teams discover how to stop him scoring.

    There seems to be a widespread assumption that if a player's xG delta is high then it is likely to regress to the norm - but it may be the player's own norm that he regresses to rather than the norm for an average player. And his own norm may also be improving if he is genuinely improving his finishing skills.

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      That's one thing I'm trying to show in this article - both a team's and player's xG delta norm.

      If Manchester City were overperforming their expected goals by as much as Leicester then it wouldn't raise so many eyebrows.

      How to use the stats to get an idea of what might happen in the future: compare how teams and players have done in the past - their own norms in creating quality chances (xG) and finishing them (xG Delta) - with the present. If there's a big disparity in both then it probably means it is unsustainable. I think Vardy and Leicester are an example of that. Vardy has nearly doubled his xG Delta of the past two seasons in 12 Gameweeks.

      Undoubtedly Rodgers is getting the best out of him, and Vardy will exceed his xG, but not at this level.

      1. RedLightning
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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        • 13 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        But it isn't just this season.

        Brendan Rodgers was appointed Leicester manager on 26th February 2019.
        Before his appointment, Jamie Vardy had scored 8 goals in 23 Premier League matches.
        From 26th February on he scored another 10 goals in 11 Premier League matches.
        And this season he has already scored 11 goals in 12 Premier League matches.

        I don't know what his xG was for his last 11 Premier League matches last season, but his goal scoring rate since Brendan's appointment looks very much sustainable!

      2. RedLightning
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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        • 13 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        And who can forget his scoring in 9 PL matches in a row in 2015/16, a record for a single season (Ruud van Nistelrooy's 10 in a row were spread over 2 seasons)?

      3. RedLightning
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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        • 13 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        Just checked - His xG for GWs 28 to 38 last season was 6.62, giving an xG Delta of +3.38 in only 11 GWs.
        This season so far he has an xG of 4.75 and an xG Delta of +6.25 in 12 GWs.

        So compared to the end of last season, his xG has dropped and his xG Delta has increased, but his Goals total has hardly changed.

      4. RedLightning
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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        • 13 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        And another factor that has helped to improve his sharpness compared with previous seasons is that he retired from international football after the 2018 World Cup.

        So when it comes to Jamie Vardy, it's best to ignore his xG and xG Delta and just enjoy the goals!

        1. TopMarx
          • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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          • 11 Years
          4 years, 4 months ago

          RL you make a compelling case!

          Vardy had a poor relationship with Puel and now has a great relationship with Rodgers, so there's a contrast in the data. I think Vardy and Leicester will continue to do well but not at the level there are now. I share more thoughts in my reply below https://www.fantasyfootballscout.co.uk/comment/21191991

    2. FPL_Crisis
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • 13 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Some great points here. The past is just an indication of what could happen in the future and it’s not so simple to apply these stats
      Take Mane for example, his rise to stardom the past couple of years has been amazing and whilst he doesn’t have the same volume of shots as Aguero/Salah, his conversion rate is very good and his ability to score from ground or with his head is a big factor as to why he continues to exceed his xG. It also helps having the best wingbacks on your side

      Are set pieces / penalties a factor for these stats as Mane is without whilst many other key players have this advantage?

      1. TopMarx
        • Fantasy Football Scout Member
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        • 11 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        I agree, understanding what the stat is telling you - and what coaches and managers are doing - is really important.

        As mentioned in the article, managers recognise who their best finishers are and will develop tactics to make sure those players get chances that take advantage of their abilities. So as you rightly point out with Mané he's very good with his head, therefore it makes sense to have full/wingbacks who can deliver a great cross. Headers are statistically a difficult chance to score for the average player, and xG records if the shot was a header or not. This is one reason why Mané has improved his xG Delta over last season and this season - because he scores goals with his head.

        So when you find something interesting in the stats, work out what it is reporting - what's the story? what's the reason it's happening?

        The only slight problem I have with xG is that it can be hard to grasp what it is telling you because it's not obvious to everyone what factors produce the numbers. And how these different factors are weighted? And what factors are not included?

        If a stat is going to be useful you need to understand exactly what it is telling you.

        I find it fairly useful, I have some idea of what it is saying - Bowstring wrote two very interesting articles on the subject in the summer https://www.fantasyfootballscout.co.uk/2019/06/14/expected-goals-part-one-what-is-xg-and-how-is-it-measured/ & https://www.fantasyfootballscout.co.uk/2019/06/18/expected-goals-part-two-the-pros-and-cons-for-fpl/

        In my opinion Mané's improved xG Delta is sustainable, while Vardy's is not. And that's not to say he and Leicester won't continue to exceed their xG - Rodgers is clearly a good manager who has developed excellent tactics for his players - but it won't continue at the level it is now. If Leicester were to continue exceeding their xG at the same rate, they would have an xG Delta of +41.10 at the end of the season. Which would be unheard of.

        It might happen that Leicester continue scoring at the rate they are currently but improve their xG, therefore reducing their xG Delta. That is possible. In relation to that, Leicester's non-shot xG could offer some clues. Expected goals quantifies the value of shots, but not every brilliant attack results in an attempt at goal. Non-shot xG gives a value to those attacks. This is also something the eye test can help with.

        You also ask about penalties and set-pieces: penalties will certainly boost xG numbers. And penalty misses will have a negative impact on xG Delta. It's certainly something to keep in mind when looking at the stats, but I think it's a mistake to exclude penalties - we can't ignore the advantage penalty takers have. 

  11. Mingo
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 7 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Fantastic article I really enjoyed it. Exactly why I still come back to FFS! Thanks Topmarx.

  12. Samurai Blue
    • Fantasy Football Scout Member
    • 11 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Great article mate.

  13. Kenneth Tang
    • 11 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Excellent analysis! It is a long time I haven't read any members' article, but could not miss this one when I see you as the writer. Very glad that I click in, although I don't know what to expect when seeing the topic.

    I enjoy the usage of xG (also xGI) this season. Sometimes it's harder to compare between a top player and an average player, unless xG Delta is handy and available for each player. I also find xG is not a full picture when non-shot xG is not easy to obtain.

    Cheers, love and thanks

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • Has Moderation Rights
      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Thank you! I couldn't think of a good title but I'm glad you read it all the same 🙂

      Exactly xG and xG Delta in combination is more useful. And a good non-shot xG would be very helpful, but I would like to understand how the model works.

      What are your thoughts on Mourinho at Spurs? Good news for Kane?

      I hope you are well and healthy

      1. Kenneth Tang
        • 11 Years
        4 years, 4 months ago

        Hi Topmarx,

        Spurs looks to have improved a lot instantly. People may think it’s about Mourinho, but it is more about Daniel Levy from my point of view. Sacking Poch is the absolute right decision. Poch was exceptional in previous years, but I find several of his comments highly questionable this year. Once he said he could leave Spurs if they won CL. It’s no difference to say he wanted to leave his job. Making such comments publicly was a very direct way to alert other teams to lure him away. Another time he said he didn’t know how to motivate his squad anymore. These kind of comments and attitude will act like a toxin, damage the team and induce negativism to the players. So for me, he must go. This is evident by the fact that Spurs as a whole team without direction this season, and out of focus during many matches they’ve played.

        Although I think many coaches could do a better job than the current Pochettino, Mourinho is still the best for Spurs under current circumstances. This squad is full of exceptional talents, at their prime age, keep the PL top 4 status for consecutive seasons, being a CL finalist, so step by step there is good possibility for this team to win trophy in near future. However, key players such as Eriksen wanted to leave. The floodgate will start. You could feel that Alli, Son, Kane, could also leave sooner or later. If this team has a high chance to undergo a wholesale change after one or two seasons no matter who is the coach, then deploying Mourinho to target for instant success is actually the best strategy. I guess Levy, as a businessman, would see things like this, and have made the decision right this time.

        Psychologically, Mourinho also fits the needs of current Spurs. After the lose of CL, Poch comments meant that he doesn’t believe the team can win trophy, and the players may think the same. What they need now is a winning mentality, so the confidence and arrogance of Mou is something the players deadly need now. Kane, Alli and Eriksen have been hugely underperforming this season. The fit and threatening Moura is often overlooked or underused by Poch. Any new coach with the right skill to instill the confidence and belief back to them should be able to get them back to their normal performance level. That said, Mou just needs one conversation to make Alli back to his normal is very amazing.

        So, I think simply the sacking of Poch will rejuvenate the potential of all Spurs assets. While the employment of Mou should make the attacking assets less appealing (but still far far better than Poch’s time) and make the budget friendly Aurier and Gazzaniga a steal. I won’t get too excited by the high scoring WHM and CL match. Every team could score three goals vs WHM as long as Roberto is the goalie, and CL is never a good indication of how PL works out.

        To judge who is attractive in Spurs, my angle will be mostly on value on money. So I find Kane to be most attractive. Assume he plays his normal standard under Mou from season start, he is a 25/30 goal guy, so he should be worth 12.5m. Now he’s just 10.8m. Such undervaluation makes him the most attractive premium to own, better than not just Auba and Aguero, but also Sterling/Salah/Mane in terms of value.

        If I compare the expected price and the current price of other players, I also find great value in Aurier (5.5/6m vs 4.8m), Moura (8m vs 7m), Alli (9m vs 8.4m) & Gazzaniga (5m vs 4.5m). About Son, he is the only one keep performing since season 16/17 and so the game hasn’t underpriced him this season. I think 9.7m is very close to how much he should be priced, so I don’t think he become more attractive by Poch-Mou change, but he was attractive to own as always.

        Sorry for the long reply. But I just want to put more effort to write this reply, as a way to say thanks for your kind words when I was deeply sick.

  14. Kabaranko
    • 4 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    I apologize in advance if it was already answered, or I missed it in the article, but where did the author get his xg numbers?
    As does do vary a lot from source to source.

    1. TopMarx
      • Fantasy Football Scout Member
      • Has Moderation Rights
      • 11 Years
      4 years, 4 months ago

      I use the members area on FFS, so Opta data

  15. fusen
    • 12 Years
    4 years, 4 months ago

    Can I just point out to non-members that this article is about 50x better if you are a member and can see the actual content.

    The non-members view is like a basic 101 explanation of what xG is and the comments saying it's a great article don't really make any sense. Once you view the rest of the article it's very detailed and interesting

  16. @persecuted_by_mods
      4 years, 4 months ago

      Now that Davies is out glad I didn't go with Son, Rose does not even count as a football player anymore plenty of tracking back for Son and barely any support going forward